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UK-Sandeel (European Union v. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), PCA Case No. 2024-45

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Short Name:

European Union v. United Kingdom

Available documents

24 Oct 2024
The European Union’s Request for the Establishment of the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
The European Union’s Request for the Establishment of the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
The European Union’s Request for the Establishment of the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


20 Nov 2024
Press Release - Initial Organisational Meeting and Amicus Curiae Submissions (English)
Press Release - Initial Organisational Meeting and Amicus Curiae Submissions (French)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Press Release - Initial Organisational Meeting and Amicus Curiae Submissions (English)
Press Release - Initial Organisational Meeting and Amicus Curiae Submissions (French)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Press Release - Initial Organisational Meeting and Amicus Curiae Submissions (English)
Press Release - Initial Organisational Meeting and Amicus Curiae Submissions (French)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


22 Nov 2024
Procedural Order No. 1 (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Procedural Order No. 1 (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Procedural Order No. 1 (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


9 Dec 2024
The European Union’s Written Submission (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
The European Union’s Written Submission (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
The European Union’s Written Submission (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


9 Jan 2025
The United Kingdom's Written Submission (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
The United Kingdom's Written Submission (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
The United Kingdom's Written Submission (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


17 Jan 2025
Procedural Order No. 2 (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Procedural Order No. 2 (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Procedural Order No. 2 (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


17 Jan 2025
Press Release - Hearing (English)
Press Release - Hearing (French)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Press Release - Hearing (English)
Press Release - Hearing (French)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Press Release - Hearing (English)
Press Release - Hearing (French)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


28 Jan 2025
Transcript - Day 1 - Hearing (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Transcript - Day 1 - Hearing (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Camille Boileau, Ned Westaway, Alex Cooke, Steven Fuller, Catherine Drummond, Pablo Bentes, Claude Chase, Weiwei Zhang, Oliver Burrows, Niall Macentee, Connie Cramp, Matt Robson, Zoe Compston, Maggie Ng, Catherine White, Matthew Neat, Ruby Koopman, Michael Dowell, Vicki Castro-Spokes
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Essex Court Chambers, FTB Chambers, 3 Verulam Buildings, Baker McKenzie
Document Summary
Transcript - Day 1 - Hearing (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


29 Jan 2025
Transcript - Day 2 - Hearing (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Transcript - Day 2 - Hearing (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Camille Boileau, Ned Westaway, Alex Cooke, Steven Fuller, Catherine Drummond, Pablo Bentes, Claude Chase, Weiwei Zhang, Oliver Burrows, Niall Macentee, Connie Cramp, Matt Robson, Zoe Compston, Maggie Ng, Catherine White, Matthew Neat, Ruby Koopman, Michael Dowell, Vicki Castro-Spokes
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Essex Court Chambers, FTB Chambers, 3 Verulam Buildings, Baker McKenzie
Document Summary
Transcript - Day 2 - Hearing (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


30 Jan 2025
Transcript - Day 3 - Hearing (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Transcript - Day 3 - Hearing (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Camille Boileau, Ned Westaway, Alex Cooke, Steven Fuller, Catherine Drummond, Pablo Bentes, Claude Chase, Weiwei Zhang, Oliver Burrows, Niall Macentee, Connie Cramp, Matt Robson, Zoe Compston, Maggie Ng, Catherine White, Matthew Neat, Ruby Koopman, Michael Dowell, Vicki Castro-Spokes
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Essex Court Chambers, FTB Chambers, 3 Verulam Buildings, Baker McKenzie
Document Summary
Transcript - Day 3 - Hearing (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


5 Feb 2025
Responses of the European Union to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Responses of the European Union to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Responses of the European Union to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


5 Feb 2025
Responses of United Kingdom to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Responses of United Kingdom to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Responses of United Kingdom to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


10 Feb 2025
Replies of the European Union to Responses of the United Kingdom to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Replies of the European Union to Responses of the United Kingdom to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Replies of the European Union to Responses of the United Kingdom to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


10 Feb 2025
Replies of the United Kingdom to Responses of the European Union to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Replies of the United Kingdom to Responses of the European Union to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Replies of the United Kingdom to Responses of the European Union to Questions posed by the Arbitration Tribunal (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


10 Feb 2025
The European Union's Supplementary Written Submission (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
The European Union's Supplementary Written Submission (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
The European Union's Supplementary Written Submission (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


27 Mar 2025
Interim Report (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Interim Report (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Chair/President:
Penelope J. Ridings
Arbitrator(s)
Hélène Ruiz Fabri, David Unterhalter
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Anthony Dawes, Daniela Gauci, Bernhard Hofstötter, Josephine Norris, Laura Puccio, Sofia Cota Franco, Camille Gallouze, Norman Graham, Marouso Kyriakou, Paul Susman, Eva Maria Carballeria Fernandez, Francesca Massida, Rositsa Pencheva, Anna Rindorf, Noura Rouissi
Respondent's counsel
Ben Juratowitch, Camille Boileau, Ned Westaway, Emma Rowland, Catherine Drummond, Pablo Bentes, Weiwei Zhang, Claude Chase, Alex Cooke, Steven Fuller, Oliver Burrows, Niall Macentee, Connie Cramp, Matt Robson, Zoe Compston, Maggie Ng, Catherine White, Matthew Neat, Ruby Koopman, Michael Dowell, Vicki Castro-Spokes, Imogen Cessford, Ewen Bell, Jacob Bentley, Jenna Pattison, Rob Cook, Mark Duffy, Iain Glasgow, Andrew Robertson, Rachel Luke, James Purtill, Declan Tobin, Lucy Pugh, Allan Gibb, Lauren Reid, Helen Bain, Emma Stevenson
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
FTB Chambers, Baker McKenzie
Document Summary
Interim Report (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


10 Apr 2025
Written Request of the European Union to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Written Request of the European Union to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Alex Cooke, Steven Fuller, Ben Juratowitch, Ned Westaway, Camille Boileau, Pablo Bentes, Claude Chase, Weiwei Zhang, Catherine Drummond, Virginie Tassin Campanella
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Written Request of the European Union to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


10 Apr 2025
Written Request of the United Kingdom to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Written Request of the United Kingdom to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Written Request of the United Kingdom to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


15 Apr 2025
The United Kingdom's Comments on the European Union's Request to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
The United Kingdom's Comments on the European Union's Request to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
The United Kingdom's Comments on the European Union's Request to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


16 Apr 2025
The European Union's Comments on the United Kingdom's Request to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
The European Union's Comments on the United Kingdom's Request to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
The European Union's Comments on the United Kingdom's Request to review precise aspects of the Interim Report (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


28 Apr 2025
Ruling (English)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Ruling (English)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Chair/President:
Penelope J. Ridings
Arbitrator(s)
Hélène Ruiz Fabri, David Unterhalter
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Anthony Dawes, Daniela Gauci, Bernhard Hofstötter, Josephine Norris, Laura Puccio, Sofia Cota Franco, Camille Gallouze, Norman Graham, Marouso Kyriakou, Paul Susman, Eva Maria Carballeria Fernandez, Francesca Massida, Rositsa Pencheva, Anna Rindorf, Noura Rouissi
Respondent's counsel
Ben Juratowitch, Camille Boileau, Ned Westaway, Emma Rowland, Catherine Drummond, Pablo Bentes, Weiwei Zhang, Claude Chase, Alex Cooke, Steven Fuller, Oliver Burrows, Niall Macentee, Connie Cramp, Matt Robson, Zoe Compston, Maggie Ng, Catherine White, Matthew Neat, Ruby Koopman, Michael Dowell, Vicki Castro-Spokes, Imogen Cessford, Ewen Bell, Jacob Bentley, Jenna Pattison, Rob Cook, Mark Duffy, Iain Glasgow, Andrew Robertson, Rachel Luke, James Purtill, Declan Tobin, Lucy Pugh, Allan Gibb, Lauren Reid, Helen Bain, Emma Stevenson
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
FTB Chambers, Baker McKenzie
Document Summary
Ruling (English)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.


2 May 2025
Press Release - Publication of Ruling (English)
Press Release - Publication of Ruling (French)
Document provided by: Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Document Details:
PARTICIPANTS
Press Release - Publication of Ruling (English)
Press Release - Publication of Ruling (French)
Participants listed are for this document only and may not include all participants involved in the entire case. Always consult the original documents.
Claimant appointee
Respondent appointee
Tribunal/Panel chair
Arbitrator(s)
Sole Arbitrator
ICSID Annulment Committee president
ICSID Annulment Committee members
WTO Appellate Body members
WTO Appellate Body chair
Judges
Claimant's counsel
Respondent's counsel
Other counsel
Claimant's expert
Respondent's expert
Claimant's witness
Respondent's witness
Other witnesses
Tribunal secretary
Tribunal assistant
Country
Print reporter
Entities
Document Summary
Press Release - Publication of Ruling (English)
Press Release - Publication of Ruling (French)
This summary note is machine-generated. Always consult the original materials.